Anthropos: Anthropos, 66.1971

Anthropos, 81.1986,1/6

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Zeitschrift

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschrift

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

Persistenter Identifier:: BV043334262

Titel:: Anthropos

Untertitel:: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- u. Sprachenkunde

Erscheinungsort:: Fribourg

Verlag:: Ed. St. Paul

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1906

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Wissensgebiet:: Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie > Allgemeines

Zeitschriftenband

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenband

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711765

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711765

Persistenter Identifier:: 1510229578912

Titel:: Anthropos, 66.1971

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1971

Signatur:: LA 1118

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenheft

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenheft

Titel:: Bd. 66, 1971, Heft 1-2

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenartikel

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenartikel

Titel:: Classifying New Guinea Languages

Sonstige Person:: McElhanon, K. A.

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Symbols, Ecology, and Cultural Variation 425 An thropos 81.1986 the Shoshone, who were participating in Plains culture by A.D. 1700. This archaeological hypothesis is supported by ethnohistoric data. We have only two sight ings of Shoshonean speakers in Jackson Hole proper during the nineteenth century prior to 1880 when permanent white settlement began. The first is two males who left a fall bison hunt then underway in the Green River Basin to the south and followed the Astorians northward into Jackson Hole in 1811; they were simply cu rious as to the Astorians’ intentions and did not remain in the valley (Rollins 1935). The second group was approached in July, 1860, when General W.F. Raynolds led a United States Army expedition into the valley. In Jackson Hole he met a fishing party of Shoshone under the leadership of Cut-Nose (Raynolds 1868). Hie Shoshone camp appears to have been along Cottonwood Creek, the outlet of Jenny Lake. Hie archaeological site, 48TE576, mentioned a hove may have been the Shoshone encamp ment. These data suggest a very limited Shoshone- a n utilization of the Jackson Hole region even though they had displaced the original inhabi tants by the early 1600s, and had claimed this a rea during the period of treaty negotiations ^ith the United States Government in the mid t800s (Trenholm and Carley 1964). In 1868, ^hen they were awarded the Wind River Reser- Va tion, the official status of Jackson Hole just to the west over the mountains was left ambigu- °Us. It is hypothesized here that a structural Va riation existed between the Shoshonean per- Ce ption of Jackson Hole, and northwestern Wyoming in general, and the earlier, pre- A.D. 1600 view of the same environment. This symbolic variation precluded regular long-term ^source exploitation of the high country by the Shoshone, a Plains cultural group. In order to test this hypothesis we must turn *° Shoshonean history, their land use pattern, a nd Plains culture in general, focusing on eques- f r Hn Shoshone who are variously termed in the ^erature the Snakes, the Green River Snakes, Jhe Eastern Shoshoni, and the Wind River . hoshone. In the overall Shoshone status grad es system, they were the social elite (Stewart y 59). i n contrast, the pedestrian, mountain dwelling Shoshonean-speaking Sheepeaters held the lowest status rank. The Sheepeaters were former horse-using Snakes whose herds had been stolen and who were now forced to hide in the deep recesses of the high country (Wright 1984). By the mid-seventeenth century the Snakes inhabited the semi-arid basins on the fringes of the Northwestern Plains (Wright 1978). The horse arrived around A.D. 1700, and they quickly adopted it, spreading rapidly eastward and northward as far as southern Canada (Hult- krantz 1968; Secoy 1953). They dominated this broad region of the Plains until about A.D. 1800, when smallpox and the combined forces of the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres who were armed with guns drove them west of the Continental Divide. During the period from 1810 to 1870, these Shoshone, according to ethnohistoric doc uments, attempted to continue their reliance on bison. Sightings during this interval indicate they regularly hunted in the area from the Green River Basin, Wyoming, westward to Bear Lake on the Utah-Idaho border and northward to the Jefferson River in Montana (Marceau and Wright 1979; Stewart 1966). Fall bison hunts remained crucial even after 1840 by which time this animal was virtually extinct west of the Divide. They made forays east of the Divide into the Wind River Basin, and this area was specifically requested by them for a reser vation despite the fact that it had been awarded earlier to the Crow in 1851. It was valuable territory because it still contained some bison. During this period there are no data suggesting regular exploitation of the mountains or high mountain valleys such as Jackson Hole. Despite the retention of a few Great Ba sin traits, the Snakes were among the earliest horse-using bison hunters of the Plains (Secoy 1953). By the time they had been forced west of the Divide, about three generations of Snakes, including the Comanches, had already partici pated in the newly emerging Plains culture. Among its most important symbols are two that need to be discussed in more detail: the bison and the horse. The acquisition of the horse not only permitted rapid mobility for offense and defense as well as for greater exploitation

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Volltext: Anthropos, 81.1986,1/6

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