Anthropos: Anthropos, 91.1996,1/3

Anthropos, 91.1996,1/3

Bibliographische Daten

Zeitschrift

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschrift

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

Persistenter Identifier:: BV043334262

Titel:: Anthropos

Untertitel:: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- u. Sprachenkunde

Erscheinungsort:: Fribourg

Verlag:: Ed. St. Paul

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1906

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Wissensgebiet:: Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie > Allgemeines

Zeitschriftenband

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenband

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-712151

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-712151

Persistenter Identifier:: 1533041755663

Titel:: Anthropos, 91.1996,1/3

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1996

Signatur:: LA 1118

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenheft

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenheft

Titel:: Bd. 91, 1996, Heft 1-3

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenartikel

Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenartikel

Titel:: Nage Birds. Issues in the Analysis of Ethnoornithological Classification

Sonstige Person:: Forth, Gregory

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

98 Gregory Forth Anthropos 91.1996 had to be prompted. By the same token, one may conclude that night birds are not a particularly salient group for Nage, and so occupy a peripheral position within the general category of “bird.” Ac cordingly, when their names were freely recalled, night birds were mentioned towards the end of the lists. In this regard, moreover, the nocturnal raptors contrast strongly with diurnal raptors, birds which on the contrary appear to be the most exemplary kinds of Nage avifauna, even in spite of the very close association of the two groups in spiritual or symbolic terms (Forth n.d.). Apart from the linking of the long-tailed Para dise Flycatcher and Spangled Drongo, other pos sibly significant pairings include the two small omen birds bama cea and ceka, and piko and kolo, both pairs being listed in succession by two of the ten informants. Connecting piko and kolo in this context accords with the conjoining of the two names in a standard phrase referring to smaller birds regularly hunted as food. In the same vein, two Nage listed kolo before or after ana peti (small passerine birds; cf., peti kolo). Three informants named the Cockatoo (kaka kea) immediately after the Large-billed Crow (ha), thus apparently reflect ing the standard pairing kaka ha (kaka = kaka kea), a reference to larger, flocking birds that cause dam age to crops, especially maize. Another possibly significant association is that of the Black-naped Oriole (leo or leo te’a) and the Hill Mynah (ie wea or io wea), whose names appear together in three of the ten lists. As the element wea (“gold, golden”) might suggest, the Mynah is often classed with the Oriole as a “yellow bird.” Although his formulation was perfectly idiosyncratic, one man even went so far as to describe the birds as two varieties of leo\ he then specificied the Oriole as leo te’a, and the Hill Mynah, simply, as leo (or Bahasa Indonesia “leo biasa” = “common leo”). While it is not so apparent from the free recall lists, other conversations revealed an association in Nage thought of the three named bat kinds. Not only do Nage commonly describe bats in effect as peculiar birds, but one man went so far as to describe them as composing a single “category” or “kind” (Bahasa Indonesia “bangsa”). Also owing to their peripherality to the Nage “bird” class, like true birds of the night (e.g., Nightjars and Stri- giformes), bats were in fact not often mentioned in free recall, or at least were not listed together. The Flying Fox (méte, Pteropus sp.), the largest of the group, was mentioned most often, being named by five informants. Ighu, the smallest bat kind, was mentioned by three informants, while the medium-sized gébu appeared in just one list (where it was mentioned together with the other two). In this case, then, one encounters an evident hierarchy, suggesting the Flying Fox to be the most exemplary member of a more inclusive, though co vert, class of bats. Two informants further named two varieties of Flying Fox, an ordinary sort and a larger variety specified as méte ha (“crow mete”). The apparent inequality among bats as category representatives is not clearly reflected in other un named intermediate groupings. For example, of the six named kinds of Falconiformes, “eagles” (kua) and the Brahminy Kite (jata) were included in the lists of all ten informants; the falcons named iki and bele teka were mentioned by nine and seven respectively; and the smaller hawk kind called sizo was listed by eight informants. Only the category of larger hawks, named jata jawa or wole wa, was mentioned significantly less often, appearing in just four lists. While eagles and the Brahminy Kite may be judged slightly more typical of the unnamed raptor class, therefore, only one of the remaining members can be called peripheral. Even so, the order in which Falconiformes were mentioned may be significant, since in the majority of cases kua and jata were named before any other kind. Also pertinent is the fact that diurnal birds of prey were mentioned right at the beginning of six of the ten free recall lists. Other “leaders” included small birds classifiable as ana peti, and Columbi- formes. Columbiformes, it should be noted, reveal the same largely unstratified internal patterning as the raptors. Of five named pigeon or dove kinds (not distinguishing the two varieties of bopo and of kolo), four were named by eight or nine of ten informants, while only one, the ’owa (Macropygia ruficeps), was mentioned in just five lists. Several conclusions can be drawn from the foregoing. First, diurnal raptors appear to be the most typical, or exemplary, of birds in Nage thought, a position arguably consistent with their relatively large size, visibility, capacity for high flight, and economic significance as stealers of domestic fowls. Not far behind the raptors in this estimation are the Columbiformes and small pas serine, seed-eating birds designated as ana peti. Secondly, the four largest and most firmly at tested clusterings (diurnal raptors, Columbiformes, quails, and crow-like birds) all appear relatively early in the listings. In other words, there seems to be a relationship between a bird kind’s member' ship of a clearly defined (if not explicitly named) intermediate grouping and the degree to which, by virtue of its position in the lists, it occupies a relatively central or focal position within the unlabelled “bird” taxon.

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