Theorie der Wärme

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

Anthropos, 94.1999

Bibliographische Daten

Monographie

Strukturtyp:: Monographie

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-710057

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-710057

Persistenter Identifier:: BV042538392

Titel:: Theorie der Wärme

Untertitel:: Sommer[semester] 1884

Autor:: Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

Erscheinungsort:: [Berlin]

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1884

Umfang:: 203 S.

Beschreibung:: Naturwissenschaften

Signatur:: Hdschr. Koll. 259

Sammlung:: Handschriften > Kolleghefte

Wissensgebiet:: Naturwissenschaften

Farbkeil

Strukturtyp:: Farbkeil

Sammlung:: Handschriften > Kolleghefte

Anthropos 94.1999: 515-528 Amerindian Groups of Northwest Amazonia Their Regional System of Political-Religious Hierarchies Silvia M. Vidal Abstract. - Through the comparison of Arawakan-, Tukanoan-, and Makuan-speaking groups from the Northwest Amazon, the article shows that these peoples are organized in a regional sys tem of political-religious hierarchies. This regional multiethnic system is characterized by extensive multilingualism, exoga my, and varied modalities of interethnic relationships. [North west Amazon, Arawakan, Tukanoan, and Makuan Amerindian groups, regional system of political-religious hierarchies] Silvia M. Vidal, Dr., works at the Department of Anthropology of the Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Investigation (IVIC), Caracas. Since 1973 she has done field research among the Arawakan-speaking groups of Northwest Amazon. In 1993 she finished her doctoral studies at IVIC. - Her publications include: Liderazgo y confederaciones multi-étnicas amerindias en la Amazonia luso-hispana del siglo XVIII (Antropológica 1996); Introducción. El noroeste amazónico como epicentro de las matrices culturales arawakas y tukanas y centro importante del horizonte civilizatorio Orinoco-Amazonense (in: Alberta Zucchi and Silvia Vidal [eds.], Historia y etnicidad en el noroeste amazónico. Mérida 1998). See also References Cited. 1 Introduction Arawakan-, Tukanoan-, and Makuan-speaking groups have traditionally been classified as “trop ical forest tribes or cultures.” But in this article, through a macroregional analysis of the Northwest Amazon, I will compare these groups to show that they are organized into a complex regional system of political-religious hierarchies. 1 This regional multiethnic system is characterized by multilingualism, exogamy, and varied modalities of interethnic relationships. I will also discuss the ethnohistorical evidence to show that regional systems with complex sociopolitical structures were common in the Northwest Amazon and that the contemporary regional system of Arawakan-, Tukanoan-, and Makuan-speaking groups was gen erated in the 16th century by complex processes of ethnogenesis. My analysis focuses on: 1) the northern Mai- puran branch of the the Arawakan family of lan guages (Table 1), 2) the eastern and middle branch of the Tukanoan family of languages (Table 2), and 3) the Maku-speaking populations (Table 3). These Amerindians number between 30 and 40,000 individuals (Chernela 1993; Jackson 1995; Vidal 1993) who occupy diverse riverine and hinterland areas of the upper Negro and upper Orinoco basins between Venezuela, Brazil, and Colombia (see map). Tukanoan-speaking groups’ social structure, in ascending order of inclusion, are the local de scent group, the clan or sib, the exogamous lan guage group, and the phratry. Arawakan-speaking groups are sociopolitically structured, in ascending order of inclusiveness, by local descent group, exogamous, patrilineal, ranked sib or clan, and exogamous patrilineal phratry. Makuan-speaking groups, however, are organized by patrilineal clan, independent local group (band), and endogamous regional group. In the anthropological approaches to the cul tural history of the Amazon-Orinoco region, these groups have been classified into different typol ogies and “culture areas” (Oberg 1973; Steward 1948, 1949; Steward and Faron 1959) that pre suppose a great homogeneity in their contempo rary social formations as well as in their his torical transformations. In these theoretical mod els, Makuan-, Arawakan- and Tukanoan-speaking groups have been classified as “marginal tribes,” “tropical forest cultures,” “ranked social systems,” and “Circum-Caribbean chiefdoms.” However, the groundbreaking work of Goldman (1968) among the Cubeo Indians began to change this percep tion of the Northwestern Amazonian indigenous groups. Moreover, this author inspired a new gen- 1 The idea of Amerindian groups being organized into re gional systems was first brought to my attention by Nelly Arvelo-Jiménez (1980 and in personal communications 1976, 1983, 1987; Arvelo-Jiménez, Morales Méndez, and Biord-Castillo 1989; Arvelo-Jiménez and Biord-Castillo 1994; Morales Méndez and Arvelo-Jiménez 1981). She and her associates have studied the “System of Orinoco Regional Interdependence” which has organized ancient and contemporary Amerindian societies.

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