Entdeckungsreise unter den Befehlen der Britischen Admiralität mit den königlichen Schiffen Isabella und Alexander um Baffins-Bay auszuforschen und die Möglichkeit einer nordwestlichen Durchfahrt zu untersuchen

Nemnich, Philipp Andreas; Ross, John

Nachtrag zu Matthissons Gedichten

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Monographie

Strukturtyp:: Monographie

Werks-URN (URL):: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-707832

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-707832

Persistenter Identifier:: BV041147177

Titel:: Entdeckungsreise unter den Befehlen der Britischen Admiralität mit den königlichen Schiffen Isabella und Alexander um Baffins-Bay auszuforschen und die Möglichkeit einer nordwestlichen Durchfahrt zu untersuchen

Autor:: Ross, John

Herausgeber:: Nemnich, Philipp Andreas

Erscheinungsort:: Leipzig

Verlag:: Fleischer

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1820

Umfang:: XXVI, 197 S., XXVII Bl.

Beschreibung:: Geologie und Geographie

Signatur:: 2012 B 236

Sammlung:: Tafelwerke und Bildbände

Wissensgebiet:: Geologie und Geographie

Abbildung

Strukturtyp:: Abbildung

Titel:: Cape York etc.

Sammlung:: Tafelwerke und Bildbände

The Buddhist Sangha in Ceylon and Thailand 27 of stratification so at least as hierarchical role differentiation. This is, however, true only in one significant aspect. Kaufman noted a number of important status-respect relationships in Bangkhuad, a village not far from Bangkok: “1. abbot-monk; 2. monk-laymen; 2 a. monk-lay women; 3. village headman-farmer; 4. district officer-villagers; 5. district officer-village headman; 6. commune headman-village headman; 7. teacher-pupil; 8. teacher-villager; 9. head school teacher — teacher; 10. storekeeper — customer; 11. dekwat (temple boy) — lay children; 12. doctor-laity 19 .” The interesting fact is that most of the roles mentioned on this list are connected with formal organizations. The status-respect relation ships are predominantly either relations of members of a formal orga nization with “customers” of this organization, connected with the im plementation of organizational goals, like district officer-villager rela tions, or relations within one particular organization itself, like abbot- monk or teacher-pupil relations. This means that the “formalization” of roles and social relations is achieved mainly within the framework of formal organizations. Other roles are neither highly formalized nor differentiated 20 . An explanation of this feature of Thai society will have to wait until we come to the final section of this paper. 3. The Organizational Structure of the Sangha in Ceylon and Thailand Considering the fact that Sinhalese society in Ceylon is relatively strictly regulated, that basic roles are well defined and that the castes provide a clear ascriptive stratification system and that in contrast to the Sinhalese social order Thai society is relatively loosely structured in the sense outlined above, it is in a way surprising to realize that in monastic organization the situation is exactly reversed. The Thai Sangha is highly organized, it has a clear structure, lines of authority are clearly defined and centers of decision-making and control well in stitutionalized. The whole organization is described and regulated in the Buddhist Ecclesiastical Law of December, 1962, which substituted for a former different, but not less precise document (the ecclesiastical act of October, 1941). The corresponding Ceylonese law, the Buddhist Temporalities Ordinance No. 19 of 1931, is not concerned with the in ternal organization of the Sangha at all, but regulates mainly the ad 10 Kaufman, op. cit. 20 Stinchcombe has drawn the attention to the importance of formal organi zations for shaping the specific structure of the societies or communities in which they operate. Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Social Structure and Organi zations, in James G. March, ed., Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1965, pp. 142—193.

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